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Section 12
Hatred Based on the Person’s Actual or Perceived,
Color, Ancestry, or Religion

Question 12 | Test | Table of Contents

National Criminal Justice Reference Service

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- National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Hate Crime. New Orleans Police Department Operations Manual, May 7, 2017, p. 1-7.
Reviewed 2023

Update
Religion and Hate Crime Victimisation:
A Representative Study of Young People in Finland

Litvak, S., Kivivuori, J., & Kaakinen, M. (2023). Religion and Hate Crime Victimisation: A Representative Study of Young People in Finland. International Criminology, 3(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-022-00079-6

Peer-Reviewed Journal Article References:
Conkel-Ziebell, J. L., Gushue, G. V., & Turner, S. L. (2019). Anticipation of racism and sexism: Factors related to setting career goals for urban youth of color. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(5), 588–599.

Lemay, E. P., Jr., & Teneva, N. (2020). Accuracy and bias in perceptions of racial attitudes: Implications for interracial relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1380–1402.

Sugarman, D. B., Nation, M., Yuan, N. P., Kuperminc, G. P., Hassoun Ayoub, L., & Hamby, S. (2018). Hate and violence: Addressing discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Psychology of Violence, 8(6), 649–656.

QUESTION 12
What is important to note when identifying hate crimes? To select and enter your answer go to Test.