Questions:
15.1 What does the diversity-repressing theory envision?
15.2 As a working premise, why is a species’ biological good-good?
15.3 What never gets going in asexual species?
15.4 What alternative theory does Roughgarden reject?
15.5 What does Roughgarden argue about female choice?
15.6 Overall, what does Roughgarden think of sex?
16.1 For Bieschke and Matthews, what is the first step for counselors who want to work with gay and lesbian clients?
16.2 What did Van Puymbroeck find out about the effects on career development of ethnic or sexual minority status?
16.3 What did Ford find about young lesbians in her sample?
16.4 What did Tendrup find out about gay male teachers in his study?
16.5 What did Morgan and Brown identify as critical in the lives of lesbian women?
16.6 What did Martinez and Sullivan identify as three specific issues, as adding the most complexity and as differentiating their identity development, from most gay or lesbian identity development models?
17.1 According to Gonsiorek and Weinrich, what is the estimate percentage of the population that identify themselves as lesbian or gay?
17.2 What does the American Psychological Association state about gays and lesbians?
17.3 What did Moses and Hawkins remind clients about gay men and women?
17.4 What did Eldrige note in working with lesbian or gay male clients?
17.5 What did Isay report regarding homosexuality, and male and female roles in this society?
17.6 What is the proposed revision of the ethical standards for the American Counseling Association regarding lesbian and gay clients?
20.1 The loss of the eunuch category for gender-variant people forced what to happen?
21.1 According to Hampshire, why should counselors structure the sessions?
21.2 What gives a focus to counseling and also introduces a knot of complexity?
21.3 In counseling, how should the counselee be perceived?
21.4 According to McIntosh, what theory provides no way to compare the preferences of one actor with those of another?
21.5 What did Lieberman state regarding how people combine individual preferences into social choices?
21.6 What leads to an emphasis on quantity of information and imperceptibly degrades the standards for assessing the quality of information?
22.1 What does the counseling process symbolize?
22.2 What is the counseling situation a ‘simulacrum’ of?
23.1 According to Boring, what theory is the replication of reality, held by the Greeks, that never arrives at the brain?
23.2 Why does Gyr describe the process of perception as taking place from inside out as well as outside in?
23.3 According to Pribram, what is ‘Remembering’?
23.4 According to Sperry, the view of the brain and mind involves one additional factor which is related to the holographic principle/gestalt principle. What is this additional factor?
23.5 What does the essential point in the analysis of empathy consist of?
24.1 According to McClelland et al., what clearly lacks recognized structures of values and beliefs?
24.2 What two ideas do Scheler’s levels easily incorporate?
24.3 According to Wispé, what are four components for the interface of empathy?
24.4 What domain is sympathy, encircling personal responses and emotions, part of?
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Answers:
A. Because diversity allows a species to survive and prosper in continually changing conditions
AA. Theory of Perception
B. That asexual species accumulate harmful mutations over time and gradually become less functional, as though asexual lizards gradually lost the ability to run fast or digest some food
BB. Of the client’s life space
C. Sex exists to prune the gene pool of bad diversity
CC. An active process of reconstruction, one that is holographic in nature
D. A bad gene
DD. Because the brain senses and scans the outside world
E. Sex is essentially cooperative-a natural covenant to share genetic wealth
EE. The source of the understanding, which is the experiences and the memory of the person him/herself.
F. That female choice is more for the best match than for the best male
FF. It is the consciousness that assumes a role in the causal sequence of a complete explanation of the cerebral process
G. They are not simply additive but interactive and that gender plays a defining role
GG. Sympathy and empathy
H. Is to take a personal inventory of the ways that often subtle or unconscious biases may influence the counseling process
HH. The dominant pattern of the American self-perception
I. That most of the participating teachers revealed their primary reliance on ‘implicitly out’ identity management strategies to alleviate fears of discrimination, public accusation, job loss, and impaired credibility
II. Domain of introjection
J. They sought jobs, communities, and employers in which they were less likely to experience discrimination and chose occupations in which they could disclose their sexual orientation
JJ. 1) Empathy is the self-conscious awareness of the consciousness of others. 2) The effort to understand the other person encompasses not only the presumed consciousness, but also the perceptions of the others' thoughts and feelings and the muscular tensions of kinesics. 3) The empathizer focuses on the imagination that serves to transpose oneself into another rather than upon own feelings as in sympathy. (4) Empathy denotes an active referent: the empathizer attends to the feelings of another and goes so far as to feel the other's pain
K. 1. Racial prejudice 2. Limited acceptance by the African American community 3. A lack of intergration into the larger White gay community
L. The process of cultural identity development
M. ‘Whenever differences of age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status significantly affect psychologists' work concerning particular individuals or groups, psychologists obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals.’
N. 4% to 17%
O. ‘In working with lesbian or gay male clients . . . concepts of gender and the corresponding socialization may be far more salient than sexual orientation’
P. That ‘gay men and women have both been raised and socialized as members of their respective genders [and that] because of this, gay men are typically like nongay men and gay women are like nongay women in most facets of their lives’
Q. Counselors do not condone or engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status
R. Homosexuality is more threatening for men than for women, making the stigma attached to being gay more painful for them
S. So that counselees can perceive themselves as total persons beyond temporary rewards and punishments, and sensitive to unexpected cultural assumptions, values, and patterns of thought
T. Forced gender variation underground
U. As going beyond the limits of temporary behavioral contingencies and making choices according to values, patterns of thinking, and other predispositions which shape him as a cultural being
V. The cultural perspective
W. One set of processes that undoubtedly have great influence on the social choice problem, but have been virtually unstudied, are the processes involving the effect of past commitments and decisions, and anticipations of the effect of future social choice situations and commitments on the present problem
X. The theory of utility
Y. A condensation of the individual's total life experiences, emphasizing some experiences more than others
Z. Value placed on securing all available information
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